2nd+Period+Articles

This page is for 2nd period articles.


=**Chattel Slavery**= Tommy Stuart Chattel Slavery occurs when one person legally owns another and is able to buy or sell that person whenever they want. This practice has been going on for thousands of years and really has no clear beginning. By the late 15th century,chattel slavery began to take hold around the world. European countries, such as England, developed large slave trades, suchas the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, to increase their work force and expand their economies. During this time, exploration and colonialization were very popular. European countries, especially Great Britain, began to conquer civilizations and develop new ones. Through this, the practice of chattel slavery spread to the America's where it greatly expanded. Chatttel slavery also took hold within the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Asia, and in places all across the world, though in less numbers than the Americas and Europe. The slave trade involving Africans is most talked about because during this time, it was the largest trade. From the 1500's to the 1800's around 12 million Africans were shipped to America. Slavery wasn't abolished in most European countires and the America's until the 1800's, so slavery was still common by 1750. Chattel slaves were treated very poorly. They were shipped across the sea on large ships. On these ships little food and water were prevalent. Disease was also widespread. If they were able to survive, they were forced to do hard labor, such as agricultural labor, and had to continue suffering. If they did something wrong or even did nothing at all, they could be whipped, beaten, and tortured. On top of this, they had no legal rights, they made no money, they lived in poor conditions, and they could be seperated from their famililies. Overall, Chattel Slavery was a harsh and brutal practice that was very widespread and common around the world during 1450-1750.

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=Encomienda and Hacienda Systems= The encomienda system, instituted in 1503, was where a Spanish soldier or colonists was granted a tract of land or village with it's original inhabitants still there. A hacienda system is a stock raising, mining, or manufacturing establishment in the country. The encomienda system began on Columbus' second voyage to the new world. When his men began to colonize they were too lazy to work themselves, unfortunately the Indians who were already living there, were forced into doing the Spaniards work. The Spaniards then proceeded to try and force the Indians into paying tribute to their queen and when the Indians refused to do so the Queen instituted the encomienda system in 1503. The system made it to where the Indians had to do what the receiver of the grant or "encomendero" made them, which was either paying their tribute with gold or forced labor. The encomienda system became corrupt and later failed thus leading to the new Hacienda system. The hacienda system had some similarities to the encomendia system but also had crucial differences. A Hacienda was a farm run by it's labor force, the Indians. The owners kept the workers bound to land by keeping them permanently in debt, therefore they were always having to work it off. The encomienda system and the hacienda system are both forms of slave labor one more harsh than the other but they were both used during the 1450-1750 time period under the control of the Spaniards.

[] [|Encomienda and Hacienda photo]

=The Spanish Adaptation of the Inca Mita=

The mita was invented and used by the Incas. The mita is an enormous collaboration of the people of and conquered by the Inca Empire. The way the mita worked was that once a person turned 15 he or she was required to work for the government to build buildings, harvest crops, and maintain the land. This led to the slavery of the Inca’s when the Spanish came and seized control of the Incas and used them to mine the precious Gold and Silver in the land. This eventually led to the more modern version of slaves, serfs, and servants
 * -The Mita in the Inca hands was used for many things, such as the roads and highways of the Inca Empire.**

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=** 17) Plantation Economies in the Caribbean, Atlantic, and the Americas **=

** - Anshuman Singhal **
Plantation economies in the Caribbean, Atlantic, and the Americas were centered around cash crops such as sugar and tobacco. Sugar was produced extensively in the Caribbean and the Americas in sugar plantations. African slaves were used to aid in the production of sugar in North America and the Caribbean Islands. Sugar was sold in several forms, such as it's liquid form, molasses. At times the sugar would be distilled into rum. Sugar and the many products made from it was sold and traded to various areas along the Atlantic Ocean such as Europe and West Africa. Sugar was a leading cash crop in the Americas, and it was in high demand. Hence, several slaves worked on sugar plantations all over the Americas. The trading of sugar products from the Americas, to Europe, to Africa was based on a triangular trade route. The production of sugar in the Americas and the Caribbean took place in the 16th century and onward.

Tobacco was also a vital cash crop that was produced in the Americas, and then shipped to parts of Europe. Tobacco was initially brought to Europe by sailors, where it was grown extensively. Tobacco was high in demand in Europe, and it grew well in North America. African slaves were also used to produce tobacco in North America. Eventually, tobacco became one of the leading cash crops for the Americas, in particular with United States, during the time period. In some cases, indentured servants were used to produce the tobacco instead of African slaves. Tobacco was shipped, using the triangular trade route, to parts of Europe. The production of tobacco in Europe and later on the United States took place in the 17th century and onward.



@http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-triangle-trade.htm  @http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/01/0131_030203_jubilee2.htmlhttp://academic.udayton.edu/health/syllabi/tobacco/history.htm#industry []

= =

The Manchus or Barbarians established the Qing dynasty when they conquered the Chinese empire in 1644. An army of about 120, 000 Manchu warriors conquered the empire. They took advantage of the decline of the Ming dynasty along with their brilliant strategies and moved to the south during their rebellions and chaos in the empire. They completed their conquest by the year 1673, but continued to expand their conquest into the Xinjiang and Taiwan for the next century. Although they only managed to hold on to the empire for about 250 years. The Manchus used to live in groups or tribes that were basically organized in eight banners, which is a social and military organization. In the Manchu army that soldiers that served aged between 15 and 60 years old. Throughout these years the Manchus were careful to mix their culture while learning from Han literature and to keep their separate identities. Along with the Han officials the Manchus were working in a superior position. They had their own service examinations and all Manchus were forbidden to marry the Hans, who had to dress as any other Manchu and had to wear a pigtail. After a while the Han Chinese culture and learning started to be liked by the emperors. Much of the Han high culture was absorbed by the Manchus right after they gained control. The decline of the Manchus control came in the years 1851- 1864.
 * The Manchus in china **

http://www.sacu.org/manchu.html 

14) Coerced labor systems: Indentured servitude - **Marisa J.**
People using indentured servitude were people from a foreign country looking for work to pay off their debts and costs of traveling to the country. They would sign a contract stating the country would provide transportation to the new world if they paid off their dues by working for many hours for minimal money at a time. At one point, it was considered a type of slavery since the foreign workers were allowed to be beaten physically. They could also be sold and bought just as a slave. The only difference though was once your term of service expired you were free to go as you please. One example of indentured slavery was during the 1600s when Virginia and Maryland were having trouble raising tobacco without many labor services. With enslaving African Americans wasn’t in the picture just yet they considered many options when they came upon indentured services. This made the Tobacco industry in the states more controllable.

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= = =**8. Journey to the West- Karisa Renteria**=

===//**Journey to the West**// is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. The novel with 100 chapters was written by Wu Cheng'en in the 16th century during the Ming Dynasty. In English-speaking countries, the tale is also often known simply as //Monkey//. The novel is a fictionalised account of the legendary pilgrimage to India of the Buddhist monk Xuanzang, and loosely based its source from the historic text //Great Tang Records on the Western Regions// and traditional folk tales. The monk travelled to the "Western Regions" during the Tang Dynasty, to obtain sacred texts. Avalokiteśvara, on instruction from the Buddha, gives this task to the monk and his three protectors in the form of disciples — namely Sun Wukong, Zhu Bajie and Sha Wujing — together with a dragon prince who acts as Xuanzang's steed, a white horse. These four characters have agreed to help Xuanzang as an atonement for past sins. There is also a movie based on the book.===



Picture; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evl53201b_pic.jpg Information; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_West

1) Urbanization, Improved agricultural productivity, Legal protection of private property

Erik Glover Urbanization had a big effect on the lives of people in the 18th century, forced into a position of having to adjust from living on farms to live in bigger cities. These people also found themselves heavily depended on a newfound services used in order to provide for themselves. A lot of times plumbing and fresh water supplies that are taken for granted now, weren't even available back then. Since this was all new and a huge growth and the discontent, urbanization had a enormous impact on the entire economic and governmental systems of all time in Britain. Agricultural improvement started in the centuries before the Industrial revolution occurred, and it played a big part on labour and freeing the land to work in the new industrial mills, which occurred in the 18th century. Food production was increased as the labourers decreased, leading to a succession of the machines. Private property is the ownership, control, employment, ability to dispose of, and bequeath land, capital, and other forms of property by persons and privately owned firms. In the middle of the 19th century, the industrial revolution and began in France, while England has already had its make over. Conception of what constitutes property spreader across the land to encompass rare goods also. In France, the revolution of the 1790s had set a large scale confiscation of land which was owned by the king and the church. Leading to the restoration of the monarchy, leading to claims which were dispossessed for having their former lands returned to them

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/urbanization-during-the-industrial-revolution.html

http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/innovations.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property The Telegraph

Tommy Stuart

http://www.telegraph-history.org/edison/appletons/index.html A telegraph is any system that allows transmission across a long distance. Ancient telegraph systems included smoke, fire, and drum signals. In the 18th century optical telegraphs, such as the semaphore, were built. The semaphore was a system of arms that could pivot, or move around, on top of a building.

In 1819, a man named Hans Christian Oersted discovered that wires were able to deflect magnetic needles. This led to the development of the electric telegraph. Next came the needle telegraph. The Needle Telegraph was a system that required two lines used to make a circuit. In 1837, the Five Needle Telegraph

was developed by two men named Cooke and Wheatstone. Previously in 1825, an inventor named William Sturgeon created the first electromagnet. The electromagnet was a system of wires that used a magnetic field to produce an electric current. In 1830, an American Inventor named Joseph Henry took Sturgeon's idea and

made a device that could transmit an electric current over one mile where it would strike a bell. In 1843, Samuel Morse developed the Morse Code through a system of telegraph lines that sent codes that then had to be deciphered by the person at the end of the line.

By 1893, the wireless telegraph had been invented. From here, the idea of the telephone was created. Many men tried to successfully create it but it wasn't until 1878 that Alexander Graham Bell successfully accomplished this. First he developed the harmonic telegraph which sent messages over a wire and made wires on the other end vibrate and produce sound. In 1875, Graham's assistant accidentally plucked one of the reeds and heard tones which could be used to channel speech. Graham then used this mistake to make the sound powered telephone, which could produce speech-like sounds. Later the telephone switchboard was created. This linked telephones together and eventually telephone systems. Then from here the telephone quickly spread. Everyone wanted a telephone. Telephones booths were created. Rotary telephones were created in 1904, using a dial and a finger plate. Then dial phones were created. From here cellular phones were created in 1983 using radio signals. Later the cellphone began to develop and develop. Today, cellphones have become like computers and are almost completely different from the ones in the 1980's.

Many men have been influencial in the creation of the telegraph and no man in particular is credited for creating it by himself.

Renee Person

Many of the most important inventions of the Industrial Revolution required much more power than horses or water wheels could provide. Industry needed a new, cheap, and efficient source of power and found it in the steam engine, the first commercial steam engine was produced in 1698. Thomas Savery, a Cornish army officer, patented a pumping engine that used steam. 1712, Thomas Newcomen, a Devonshire tool seller, created an improved engine. Newcomen's engine came into general use during the 1720's, his steam engine had serious faults, it wasted too much heat and used a large amount of fuel. In the 1760's, a Scottish engineer named James Watt began working to improve the steam engine. By 1785, he had eliminated many of the problems of earlier engines. Watt's engine used heat much more efficiently than Newcomen's engine and used less fuel.

Around 1780, Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens built an engine that used gunpowder as a fuel, but this engine was far too dangerous to be practical. Denis Papin also experimented with developing an internal combustion engine, building a simple steam-powered device around 1790. This engine was not practical, and not until the early nineteenth century did the development of a practical internal combustion engine become the quest of numerous inventors. Before then, the steam engine was the power plant of choice. By 1770, the steam engine had been developed to the point that the French engineer Nicolas Cugnot used one to successfully propel a three-wheeled vehicle, and steam power reigned supreme in industry for nearly a century. http://www.mgsteam.btinternet.co.uk/engdev.htm#top

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blenginehistory.htm

electric motor

Mining in South Africa (gold and diamonds) - Anagisel T.

In the 1870s and 1880s is the first commercial mines started to function under the control of the European investment in South Africa, mining diamonds and gold. This means that as soon as the European saw the profit that they could obtain out of it, they were no longer just interested in gold and diamonds. By the late 19th century other types of minerals were also included in the operations of mining. Later on the mining in South Africa came to such point of success that in the 20th century they were ranked in between the two world´s largest producer of gold, diamonds, chromium, etc. the Association that was in charge of the mines, was called the “South African Chamber of mines,” which represented the dealing with the government since 1889. By the 1990s, the Chamber of Mines was already part of the six major finance houses, with a total of 36 gold mines, 22 coal mines, and 16 diamond mines. From al South Africa, the Chamber of mines made about 85 percent of all the mineral output. The estimations were about 43,000 tons of gold were produced in the early 1990s, since that was the amount of gold that remained in the reserves.

Kimberley in 1870, only three years after Europeans started to mine diamond http://countrystudies.us/south-africa/66.htm 29) Muhammad Ali's Development of a Cotton Textile Industry in Egypt

– Anshuman Singhal

Muhammad Ali was appointed governor of Egypt in 1805. As of the year 1811, he was a the sole ruler of Egypt. His strategy on development was based on agriculture and the cultivation of crops. Muhammad Ali had a lot of crops planted in Egypt that could be exported, such as cotton, rice, and sugarcane. Crops were grown by peasants, who were told how much of each crop to plant, and where crops could be planted. The government bought crops from the crop-growing peasants, and sold the crops directly to the buyers. Muhammad Ali was initially against the idea of growing cotton in Egypt. But after trying out and seeing it's success in being sold, he promoted the idea of cotton plantations and cotton development throughout Egypt.

Lead by Muhammad Ali, the government set up factories in which materials like cotton and silk were woven. This cotton textile industry employed nearly 4% of the population of Egypt. The factory workers were directed to weave the cotton on government-owned looms. The textile industry for cotton was protected by the Egyptian government, in order to prevent cheap British cotton to come into the Egyptian cotton market. The cotton textile industry was geared towards foreign traders, and was established to keep a balanced trading system. The selling and trading of cotton kept money flowing into Egypt. Cotton became one of Egypt's most well-known textile industries. It became a major cash crop in Egypt, and heavily supported the economy of Egypt. Cotton was highly sought after, and so Egypt kept the cotton industry going successfully for a long time.

http://www.mongabay.com/history/egypt/egypt-muhammad_ali,_1805-48.html

http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/cotton.htm

http://www.thomaswhite.com/images/postcards/img-egypt-01.jpg Panama and Suez Canal- Mireille Olivo

The approximately 50 mile long canal started to be built formally in 1904. The ten year project caused a great strain in Panama it was then split in two. Theodore Roosevelt paid $10 million+ each year for the canal mostly so American citizens would be able to use it. Though the canal did not help the Panamanian economy at all, the economy picked up after ownership was handed over to Panama fully in December of 1999. As service accounts for ¾ of the Panamanian economy, which the canal is the most active part of, expansion has started in 2007. The Suez canal is an artificial waterway that connects the red sea and Mediterranean sea. After its opening in 1869, the canal was 102 miles long but has been expanded over the years. Because it was built at sea level, there are no locks like those found in the Panama canal and contains a by-pass system.

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pm.html

http://www.canalmuseum.com/

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/571673/Suez-Canal

The Development of the Steamship - Joseph C.

While Robert Fulton is generally credited with the invention of the steamboat he did not actually invent it. In 1807 he put the Clermont together and had it patented. What he did was take a Watt engine and install it in a well-designed boat. By combining the work of his predecessors Fulton was able to construct a steamboat that was able to travel the distance from New York to Albany three times. Due to the need for boats to navigate inland rivers he enjoyed immediate commercial success. The construction of the steamship was a major challenge among ship designers but thanks to the efforts of many including: James Watt, John Fitch, Patrick Miller, Henry Bell and Robert Fulton as well as others, the steamboat was realized. The steamboat solved the age-old problem of going up river in a timely and economic fashion. As the steamboat became more advanced it began to replace sails and by 1815 over 40 percent of vessels operating out of Liverpool were steam powered. Steam powered ships would continue to dominate transportation on the water until the invention of the diesel powered engine in the later part of the 20th century.

http://library.thinkquest.org/C006011/english/sites/steam_schiff1.php3?v=2

http://science.howstuffworks.com/steam-technology6.htm 15.)Another financial instrument: Gold Standard - Aaron Brown

The gold standard was used to back the value of the dollar until the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. During the time of the gold standard $20.67 was the equivalent of an ounce of gold. The fall of the gold standard began in England when the great depression hit and the head of the Bank of England, Montagu Norman, had a nervous breakdown due to people were exchanging paper money for gold which was causing the bank to begin to run out. During his absence the bank of England decided to break away from the gold standard in 1931 which lead to many other countries including the United States to break away from the gold standard. http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2011/04/27/135604828/why-we-left-the-gold-standard

Robert Flores -

1) The factors that led to the rise of industrial production

Europe's location on the Atlantic Ocean

The geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber

European demographic changes

Some of the factors that led to the rise of industrial production in Europe were its location on the Atlantic Ocean, the geographical distribution of coal, iron, timber, and demographic changes. Europe trades very much because of its location on the Atlantic Ocean. Having access to water meant being able to trade with many different nations. When products are in high demand they rise in production.

Only certain areas were able to produce large numbers of either iron, coal, or timber, so whatever a certain area produced they produced a lot of it, meaning that the production of that certain product would rise in certain areas.

The Industrial Revolution caused demographic changes in the sense that it turned a rural place into a urban one, because they would set up a factory in some place and many people would want to live by it, because it created jobs.

Cotton, Rubber, Sugar, Palm Oil, Wheat, Meat, Guano, Metals and Minerals- Margie, Karisa, Marisa, Tanner Sugar- By the 19th century sugar was considered a necessity. This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and social changes. The demand for cheap and docile labor to perform the hard work involved in its cultivation and processing drove first, the slave trade from Africa, followed by the indentured labor trade from South Asia. The modern ethnic mix of many nations that have been settled in the last two centuries has been influened by sugar. Sugar also led to some industrialization of former colonies. During theNapoleonic Wars, sugar beet production increased in continental Europe because of the difficulty of importing sugar at times in which shipping was subject to blockade. By 1880, sugar beet was the main source of sugar in Europe though the United Kingdom continued to import the main part of its sugar from its colonies. In the late 19th century, bags of sugar became more common. Palm oil- (from the African oil palm, Elaeis guineensis) has long been recognized in West African countries, and is widely used as a cooking oil. European merchants trading with West Africa occasionally purchased palm oil for use in Europe, but since the oil was of a lower quality than olive oil, palm oil remained rare outside West Africa. In the Asante Confederacy, state-owned slaves built large plantations of oil palm trees. Palm oil became a highly sought-after commodity by British traders, for use as an industrial lubricant for machinery during Britain's Industrial Revolution. Palm oil formed the basis of soap products. Around 1870, palm oil constituted the primary export of some West African countries. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil
 * Margie's two words will be given to Mr. Barton separately.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar Wheat- one of the highest growing and demanding resources we use. During the 1750’s, wheat began to be exported from different countries around the world. Wheat as a huge part of the European agriculture and economy in the seventeenth and eighteenth century as it helped with hunger issues they had during the past century. Spain was struggling with their agriculture and economy at this time at this time when they noticed the use of grains and wheat made the Europeans more in control with hunger. They decided to create more of an agricultural based economy just as the Europeans were. By the 1900’s the Spaniards had brought their economy back with the growth of wheat. Meat- In the 1700’s and 1800’s, part of the large amount of population in Europe was the result of farmers producing more meat and having more livestock making people move into Europe looking for a more balanced diet. Also, as time progressed farmers began to slaughter the livestock year round instead of just in the spring and summer as they were the fast hundred years. It became a more reliable resource as years went on. http://www.ehs.org.uk/ehs/conference2012/Assets/SantiagoCaballerFullPaper.pdf http://www.ukagriculture.com/countryside/countryside_history_1750ad.cfm Guano- can be used as a fertilizer due to its high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen plus it doesn’t have an extremely strong odor. That being said in relation to the need to feed a growing population in 1750-1900’s it was very useful considering the animals created it and you wouldn’t have to pay for it therefore you could use as much as the animals produced and spread it over big areas maximizing your crop to help feed large populations. Metals/Minerals- Minerals are irreplaceable natural resources and are a main source of energy also they’re about 90% of production of heavy industry. Also minerals are a major export and are big on income therefore it was very important to extract and export minerals because not only did it help run the country but also protect and profit it. Metals are extremely important because they were the basis for building machines and other agricultural things. Without metal you would not have the ability to mass produce things and keep a growing nation running.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guano

http://russia.rin.ru/guides_e/4319.html

http://www.theicosamagazine.com/the-importance-of-metals

25) Alternate Visions: Anarchism "Anarchism is a political theory that aims for anarchy." Anarchy comes from the Greek word anarchia and literally translates to absence of a leader. In today's terms it means without publicly enforced government. The term anarchy shouldn't automatically have you think there is total lawlessness in society. In fact it could actually be considered quite a "good" thing. Adam Smith while not an anarchist has some writings that can be connected to Anarchism. Here is one of his story visuals. "I wake up one morning and decide to sell sandwiches on the side of the road. I gather up my supplies to make sandwiches, load up a cart, and set up my stand. There are other sandwich carts on the same road I'm making food on, and I have to be mindful of that. Following the idea of the Invisible Hand, I will keep my cart clean so that I will not make my customers sick and seem more attractive. I will make great tasting sandwiches to get return customers and spread the word about my business to their friends. I will also have a great price, covering my costs and making a little money for myself, but the price will be VERY reasonable. After a successful day I go to bed, and the next morning I wake up and decide to be a doctor." To understand this you may want to understand a little bit about what the invisible hand, what the invisible hand is, is that the best quality goods/ services are the most successful. When he says the next day he wakes up he'll decide to be a doctor, this is because without government restricting what you can do, he can do what ever he wants. He might not do well, because of the invisible hand theory, after all, the best quality service prevails. The earliest records of a form of anarchy were by Taoist philosopher Laozi. In Russia Late 19th century, Russia was experiencing a movement with anarchism playing a major role. This is a violent form of Anarchism, because of all the murders of kings and tyrants. After all this violence Russia distanced themselves from this theory.

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