4th+Period+Articles

__ Local Resistance: Food Riots- Andrea Chee __
During this time, food prices began to rise quickly due to a very harsh winter and an unsuccessful harvest. Many complained to the King and some took supplies of food that wer coming into ports. Armed with pitchforks, hundreds of men and women showed up at the ports to protest the unfair high prices. Protestors threatened to kill any farmer or distributor that sold or produced bread. Not only bread, but grains, barley and other products. That is why it is known as the food riots. Many began to think that these kinds of riots were common, everyday things. In many english towns food riots were common and armed forces had to be there to break them up. There are many factors that contribute to the cause of the food riots. In some cities, a quickly growing population became a problem when there was a shortage a food for all those living there. Many also happened because the farmers were weak and the need of the property owners to have strong social control. Many wanted a change and wanted to be able to survive without being extremely rich. 

[|Food riots]

The Mughal were descendents of the Ghengis Khan and Timur, or the Mongols who conquer a large mass of Eurasia. In the 16th century the great Mongol Empire began to divide. The Mongol try to maintain control to small territories call sultanates. One of these Sultan Babur maintained control of called Ferghana. He was not satisfied with his small kingdom and tried to take Samarkand but fialed. So he instead look towards Northern India in 1526 at the request of an Indian governor. Babar's campaign against Delhi sultanate stimulated the foundation of the Muhgal Empire. Babar ruled till 1530 and was succeeded by his son Humayan. This began the long line of great Muhgal Empire where the great Taj Mahal was created from Shah Jahan love for his wife, and of Humuyan death due to falling down stairs.There is much more, for more information visit the link below. [] This is Muhgal Empire territory in various time period
 * __ Land Empires: Mughals-Joshua Moreno __**

__Local Resistance- Peasant Uprisings -Alyssa Olivas__
Traditional peasant agriculture changed and increased dramatically. Plantations began to expand therefore, demand for labor increased. Peasant labor intensified in many regions. The development of frontier settlements in Russian Siberia started to arise. Cotton textile production in India and silk textile production in China also started to develop. All of these required immense labor from the peasants. In Russia the nobles started to gain more power over peasants, and through this power were able to punish them. One of the most famous peasant rebellions was the Pugachev Rebellion. This peasant uprising led to all the powers of the central government into regional politics. There were many other peasant uprisings which were mainly the effect of a colossal amount of labor, and a loss of power and no sense of freedom. The reason for the uprisings was also to prove a point that they wanted previous rules to change. [|For more information on the peasant uprisings click here] [|Or here!]



The Zamindars were a type of Indian aristocrat that were employed by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants that were called Ryots. These Zamindars before they were employed were landowners and land producers, they held certain powers within their territories, like army recruitment, magisterial, revenue collection, taxation, among others. But when the Mughal Empire rose to the height of its power and reached to control most of the Indian Subcontinent, the Mughals introduced new officials to divert the revenue to the Imperial Capital at Delhi. During the Mughal empire, the zamindars and their collection system, ensured proper collection of taxes during the tough times and the decline of the Mughal empire. Zamindar became the title for people with different types of landholdings, from autonomous chieftains to peasant proprietors. [|more info on zamidnars in the mughal empire]
 * Existing political and economic elites: The zamindars in the Mughal Empire**
 * By Alex Vargas**

By the mid-fifteenth century the Ottoman Empire began unifying much of the Middle East. Under Mehmed II (1432-1481) the Ottomans successfully ended the Byzantine Empire by capturing Constantinople. During the 15th and 16th centuries the Ottomans entered a log period of expansion. Sultan Selim I established the Ottoman rule in Egypt, while the next sultan, Sulieman the Magnificent captured Belgrade in 1521, although later he did lead an unsuccessful siege on Vienna in 1529. The Battle of Vienna in 1683 marked the end of Ottoman expansion. In the 17th and 18th centuries new threats in Russia and Austria developed. Austria and Russia engaged in war with the Ottomans between 1735 and 1739, resulting in the loss of Serbia to Austria. The next period of the Ottoman Empire was distinguished by peace and weak reforms.
 * Land Empires: Ottomans**
 * By Victoria Bass**

Or more informaclick on the Ottomans click here

__** Ethnic and racial classifications in the Americas: Creole -Kendal Jameson **__ Originally Creole referred to people of French and then Spanish descent who were born in Louisiana, to distinguish them from immigrants. Later, Creole was sometimes used to refer to people of African descent born in Louisiana. Later the terms were differentiated, by French Creole (European ancestry) and Louisiana Creole (meaning someone of mixed racial ancestry). Creole's didn't migratefromo a native country like many ethnic groups in the U.S. The first Creole arrived in America around 1745. French and Louisiana Creole was originally their language but now it's primarily Louisiana Creole. Roman Catholicism is strongly associated with Creole's (90% are catholic).

**Louisiana Colinization Period**: **CREOLE = FRENCH - WHITE - INDIAN - SPANISH - BLACK = CREOLE ** **Present Day Period ** ** =FRENCH CREOLE =Indian= WHITE CREOLE =Indian= BLACK CREOLE =Indian **

the physicial qualities of MOST Creole in America Louis H. Metoyer,. "Creole's a hidden culture ." . Bayou Talk News Avril, 1991. Web. 25 Mar 2012. . **FRENCH CREOLE: ** A person who can trace his family bloodline to a Direct descendent of __French settlers__ who settled in Louisiana during the colonial period of French and American History. French Creole physical traits: Fair to tan skin pigmentation. Naturally straight to wavy hair, a synthetic look, without the use of synthetic products. Light brown or hazel eyes within the family genealolgical lines. __High cheek bones,__ predominantly French with some ancestral traits of other races. **BLACK CREOLE: ** A person who can trace his family bloodline to a __direct descendent of the Africans__ who setteled in Louisiana during the colonial period of African-American history. Black Creole physical traits: Dark eyes. Has predominantly African ancestral physical traits. __To assume all light skin blacks are Creole or that all Creoles are black is just a myth.__ While the first recorded Creoles in America had a mixture of ethnically French and African traits.. **WHITE CREOLE: ** A person that can trace his family bloodline to __Creole__ and __Italian__ and __Indian__ decendent of the colonial Creole period prior to the American Civil War period in American history. White Creole physical traits: Most white Creoles have very fair skin pigmintation. Natuarlly blond hair, hazel eyes, (some have blue eyes) and dark brown eyes. In today's world White Creoles exist in a White/Creole marriage union. **<span style="color: #fe088f; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">INDIAN CREOLE: ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">A person that can trace his family bloodline to a Creole decendant of the Colonial Creole period, and the American Indian in American history. Most Indian Creole have __similer physical traites to the French Creole__ with very little distinction. **<span style="color: #fe088f; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">SPANIARD CREOLE: ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Spaniard Creoles are for the __most part NON-EXISTENT__ today, due to the strong French, Indian, and Afro/American and White influence of the Creole community.

[|For more info:] -KENDAL JAMESON

Thirty **Years WAR!!!**
The Thirty Year's War lasted from 1618-1648 and although you really cant pin point the main cause of the war, one of the main reasons was the conflict between the Protestants and the Catholics.The Peace of Augsburg which was suppose to end the conflict between the Lutherans and the Catholics, only created a short time of peace. The document was suppose to allowed the Holy Roman Empire's states' princes to choose what religion they wanted for their region (Lutheranism or Catholicism). There was still a lot of problems, Calvinists wanted to be included in The Peace of Augsburg and Protestants were taking over Catholic Lands. There was also other countries who contributed the cause of the war, Spanish Hapsburg's wanted to take back the Netherlands and the French wanted to limit the power of the Hapsburg's. To Thirty Year's War was fought in four different periods. In the first period which was the Bohemian period, Spain conquered Bohemia and it was made Catholic. The second period which was called the Danish Period, Emperor Ferdinand II made an order to reclaim all lost Catholic lands. In the third period which was the Swedish period, the Swedish withdrew from the war. The last period, the french period, the French backed up the Spanish and Austrian armies back to the German States. Overall the French came out on top and religious tolerance began. []\

**Gender and family restructuring: demographic changes in Africa as a result of the slave trade; By Lauren Bagg**
During the 1450's-1750's there was a impact on Africa which would slow their growth to this day. When looking at the slave trade, the Africans who were taken were men, they were strong. They could do the hard work that the Europeans did not want to do. This meant that over the years men had a higher rate of being taken for the slave trade. This caused a problem with the growth of the society in Africa. The ratio of men to women was very low and off balance. The amount of available men was very limited. This caused the women to have to go into polygamy if the society and population was to grow. Even though some places were not effected as heavily as other places, the slave trade still effected the African society. Now even though the slave trade may not have effected a general area it still caused unrest within the societies. Thus causing internal tribal wars. With wars, comes debt. With the population already being at a minimum number debt was harder to get rid of. With the debt there were famines and droughts, therefore increasing the decrease in population. When looking at history societies of small number have been forced to merge with other societies as to not vanish. Although this helped with the slowing the decrease in population, but with intermixing cultures, there is a spread of disease. The women were in a large amount while the men were few. Families were broken, and some were never even created. The demographic of families and gender were decreased, causing the society growth to come to a halt.

[|Extra information on Lauren Baggs subject]
Here is a line chart showing how the population was decreased, as well as the gender.


 * Maritime Empire Spanish by: Hana Yu**

From 1450- 1750 the people of Spain have established colonies in Europe, Africa, Asia, America, and Oceania, at this time Spain was considered the leading edge of global power. Which was the cause of The Age of Exploration where explorers like Christopher Columbus who discovered America, was sent by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand to go search for another route to travel towards South Asia and Southeast Asia for trade and colonization. Spain basically had explorers to colonize and create trade to have copious amounts of money for their country. This means that the only reason why Spain was considered as one of the highest countries to contain world power was because of the money the explorers were making from going on their expeditions and doing their jobs to trade, and conquer. For more info on my subject click here--> []


 * 23) Bureaucratic elites/ military professionals: Chinese examination system - By Adrian Rosales**

From 1450-1750 the Ming dynasty established an order of exams that would fit people in to a job they would best be suited for there qualifications on this test. This system lasted all the way though the Tang dynasty in to the other fallowing dynasty. During the time of the testing the government would make them harder so that the smartest person would get jobs like Bureaucrats and/or bureaucratic elites. When the chines army heard they made test of there own fallowing the same principals but they of course added there military twist to find out which person is better in which military skill much like our modern day asvab test. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/kpct/kp_ming.htm


 * __How the Ottomans Treated Their Non-Muslim Subjects__** __- Emily Felsen__

The Ottomans were a predominantly Sunni Muslim nation. Thus, they had to find a way to rule over their Christian and Jewish subjects. The non-Muslims, or dhimmis, paid a small tax called the jizya (which often exempted them from military service) but were otherwise able to enjoy a degree of autonomy that was not available anywhere else. Dhimmis practiced their religion in peace, had their own schools and businesses, and even had a special legal court. Some Christians were taken on as slaves and used to oversee certain offices but were not able to hold public office on their own, and some Christian boys were occasionally taken from their homes and raised to hold government or military positions, an action known as devsirme.



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35. Competition over trade routes: Piracy in the Caribbean Emily Lenhart

In 1450-1750, African slaves were transported from Africa to the Caribbean to work on European plantations. They produced crops such as tobacco, sugar, and coffee and sold other products such as gold and silver. Alcohol was also smuggled into the Caribbean illegal. At the time, the Caribbean was the center of world trade. Pirates took advantage of the riches in the Caribbean. The time period from 1660-1730 was known as the Golden Age of Piracy. Pirates did not claim alliance to countries and plundered trade ships. Pirates were outlawed and the crime of piracy was punishable by hanging. The population in the Caribbean islands was mainly slaves, although it was owned by Europeans, namely English, Dutch, and Spanish. Because European presence was limited, the prohibition of piracy was not as effective. Piracy continued to dominate the trade routes in the Caribbean despite laws banning it. Around the end of this period, pirate activity began to subside.

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